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中世纪圣安德鲁斯的虚拟展示</text>
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圣玛丽教堂，科克山</text>
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                <text>Kirk Hill (or Kirk Heugh as it is sometimes called) has a long history of human activity. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric burials at this site, perhaps dating from as long ago as 500 B.C. There are also some signs of early metal working. In the mid twelfth century a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary was established here. The new church housed a community of holy men known as "Culdees" (a term derived from the Celtic phrase Ceile-De or "friend of God"). The Culdees had previously served the shrine of St Andrew but were pushed out from this role by the foundation of an Augustinian monastery at the Cathedral. During the later Middle Ages St Mary's was a royal chapel and enjoyed the patronage of successive Scottish kings. The church was still functioning at the Reformation, when several of its priests were prosecuted for refusing to convert to Protestantism.&#13;
&#13;
科克山(有时又被称为Kirk Heugh)有悠久的人类活动历史。考古学家在此地发现了史前的埋葬遗迹,可以追溯到大概公元前500年。此外，考古学家也发现了一些早期的金属加工迹象。早在十二世纪中叶，人们在此建立了一座教堂供奉给圣母玛利亚。教堂里居住着被称为“Culdees”(这个词源自凯尔特语Ceile-De，意为神的朋友)的神职人员。这些神职人员起先服侍于这个圣安德鲁的圣地,但从奥古斯丁修道院在大教堂建立开始，便被迫不再担任这个角色。在中世纪后期，圣玛丽教堂被当做皇家礼拜堂并且不断有苏格兰国王到访。在宗教改革运动中，有一些神父因为拒绝皈依新教而被起诉，但是教堂仍然正常运转。&#13;
&#13;
Audio - Elizabeth Swarbrick on the church of St Mary on the Rock&#13;
&#13;
音频 - 伊丽莎白斯沃布里克对于圣玛丽教堂的介绍&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Legendary account of the foundation of the town of St Andrews, formerly known as Kilrymont (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 2 - Exterior of the Church of St Mary on the rock reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
&#13;
视频 1 - 传奇的诞生 - 圣安德鲁斯 （原名 Kilrymont ）&#13;
视频 2 - 圣玛丽教堂在虚拟世界中的外部重建 - 由开放虚拟世界组制作</text>
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&#13;
Caen was a real township in the Strath of Kildonan where people raised families and tended the land and their animals. Life here came to an abrupt end in 1825. All that remains of the site today are clusters of stones, but we have rebuilt the township virtually in an immersive digital realm, to give you an up close and personal view of life in 19th century rural Sutherland.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Cloister introduction by Professor Richard Fawcett</text>
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                <text>Cover Image - Book of Kells</text>
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                <text>The Book of Kells contains the four Gospels of the Christian scriptures written in black, red, purple, and yellow ink in an insular majuscule script, preceded by prefaces, summaries, and concordances of Gospel passages.  Today, it consists of 340 vellum leaves, or folios. The majority of the folios are part of larger sheets, called bifolios, which are folded in half to form two folios. The bifolios are nested inside of each other and sewn together to form gatherings called quires. On occasion, a folio is not part of a bifolio but is instead a single sheet inserted within a quire. The extant folios are gathered into 38 quires. There are between four and twelve folios (two to six bifolios) per quire; the folios are commonly, but not invariably, bound in groups of ten. Some folios are single sheets, as is frequently the case with the important decorated pages. The folios had lines drawn for the text, sometimes on both sides, after the bifolios were folded. Prick marks and guide lines can still be seen on some pages. The vellum is of high quality, although the folios have an uneven thickness, with some being close to leather while others are so thin as to be almost translucent.&#13;
&#13;
The book's current dimensions are 330 by 250 mm.  Originally, the folios were of no standard size, but they were cropped to the current size during a 19th-century rebinding. The text area is approximately 250 by 170 mm. Each text page has 16 to 18 lines of text. The manuscript is in remarkably good condition considering its great age, though many pages have suffered some damage to the delicate artwork due to rubbing. The book must have been the product of a major scriptorium over several years, yet was apparently never finished, the projected decoration of some of the pages appearing only in outline. It is believed that some 30 folios of the original manuscript have been lost over the centuries.  Ussher counted 344 folios in 1621, but several leaves had already been lost by then. The overall estimate is based on gaps in the text and the absence of certain key illustrations.&#13;
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                <text>The Book of Kells is one of the finest and most famous of a group of manuscripts in what is known as the Insular style, produced from the late 6th through the early 9th centuries in monasteries in Ireland, Scotland and England and in continental monasteries with Hiberno-Scottish or Anglo-Saxon foundations. These manuscripts include the Cathach of St. Columba, the Ambrosiana Orosius, fragmentary Gospel in the Durham Dean and Chapter Library (all from the early 7th century), and the Book of Durrow (from the second half of the 7th century). From the early 8th century come the Durham Gospels, the Echternach Gospels, the Lindisfarne Gospels (see illustration at right), and the Lichfield Gospels. Among others, the St. Gall Gospel Book belongs to the late 8th century and the Book of Armagh (dated to 807–809) to the early 9th century. Scholars place these manuscripts together based on similarities in artistic style, script, and textual traditions. The fully developed style of the ornamentation of the Book of Kells places it late in this series, either from the late 8th or early 9th century. The Book of Kells follows many of the iconographic and stylistic traditions found in these earlier manuscripts. For example, the form of the decorated letters found in the incipit pages for the Gospels is surprisingly consistent in Insular Gospels. Compare, for example, the incipit pages of the Gospel of Matthew in the Lindisfarne Gospels and in the Book of Kells, both of which feature intricate decorative knot work patterns inside the outlines formed by the enlarged initial letters of the text.</text>
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                <text>Crescent V Rod</text>
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