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中世纪圣安德鲁斯的虚拟展示</text>
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                <text>St Salvator's College Chapel and Tower&#13;
圣萨尔瓦托学院礼拜堂和塔</text>
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                <text>St Salvator's Chapel is one of St Andrews University's two surviving medieval chapels (the other is St Leonard's Chapel on South Street). It was built in the 1450s by Bishop James Kennedy as a place of worship for the members of his new College of St Salvator. Prior to the founding of St Salvator's the University of St Andrews had been a relatively informal institution where most students and teaching staff lived and worked in private accommodation. Kennedy wished to create a university college along the lines of those at Oxford and Cambridge, and to this end constructed a large complex of buildings including a dining hall and cloister (both of which have since been demolished). The chapel was lavishly furnished with valuable statues (including a large silver image of Christ the Saviour), fine paintings, and altar hangings of cloth of gold. Few of these treasures survived the Reformation.&#13;
&#13;
圣萨尔瓦托礼拜堂是圣安德鲁斯大学两个仅存的中世纪礼拜堂之一(另一个是在南街的圣伦纳德教堂)。圣萨尔瓦托礼拜堂由主教詹姆斯·肯尼迪建于1450年代，用做新圣萨尔瓦托学院成员的礼拜场所。圣萨尔瓦托学院成立前，圣安德鲁斯大学是一个相对非正式机构,大多数学生和教师在私人场所生活和工作。肯尼迪希望像牛津和剑桥大学一样创建一个大学学院,出于这个目的肯尼迪建造了一个大型并且复杂的建筑，包括餐厅和回廊(都已经被拆除)。珍贵的雕像被用来装饰礼拜堂(包括救世主的银影像),精美的画画, 黄金做的帘布。然而几乎没有珍宝在宗教改革中幸免于难。&#13;
&#13;
Audio 1 - Elizabeth Swarbrick on the history of St Salvators&#13;
Audio 2 - Audio description of the Mace of the College of St Salvator&#13;
Audio 3 - Symbolism of the Mace of the College of St Salvator&#13;
Audio 4 - Roger Mason on the life and death of Patrick Hamilton, Scotland's first martyr&#13;
&#13;
音频 1 - 伊丽莎白斯沃布里克讲述圣萨尔瓦托的历史&#13;
音频 2 - 音频描述圣萨尔瓦托学院的权杖&#13;
音频 3 - 圣萨尔瓦托学院的权杖的象征&#13;
音频 4 - 罗杰·梅森讲述帕特里克·汉密尔顿的生平和死亡,苏格兰的第一个烈士&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Brief account of the foundation of St Salvators College (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 2 - Interior and Exterior of St Salvators Chapel reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
Video 3 - Brief description of St Salavators maces (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 4 - Brief account of the prosecution of Patrick Hamilton, Scotland's first martyr (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
&#13;
视频 1 - 简单介绍圣萨尔瓦托学院的成立(感谢：电影 "Ever to Excel")&#13;
视频 2 - 圣萨尔瓦托学院内部和外部的重建 - 由开放的虚拟世界制作&#13;
视频 3 -简要描述圣萨尔瓦托学院的权杖 (感谢：电影 "Ever to Excel")&#13;
视频 4 -简要描述帕特里克·汉密尔顿的起诉,苏格兰的第一烈士 (感谢：电影 "Ever to Excel")</text>
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中世纪圣安德鲁斯的虚拟展示</text>
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                <text>The Pends&#13;
拱道</text>
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                <text>At the east end of South Street there is a pair of fourteenth-century arches known as "the Pends". These were part of a gateway to the walled enclosure surrounding St Andrews Cathedral. During the Middle Ages many cathedrals and monasteries had impressive gatehouses controlling access to and from the religious community. The Pends were originally covered by stone vaults (the supports for which can still be seen). The gatehouse is thought to have also had an upper storey with accommodation for a porter. Following the Reformation a pension was paid to the porter's widow.&#13;
&#13;
在南街东边的尽头有一对建于十四世纪的拱门被称为“拱道”。通过它们能到达被围墙环绕的圣安德鲁斯大教堂。在中世纪，许多教堂和修道院都有令人印象深刻的城楼，它们控制着通往宗教场所的通道。拱道最初是被石头拱顶覆盖的(仍然可以看到支撑结构)。城楼被认为拥有第二层， 为看门人提供了住宿场所。随着宗教改革，那些成了寡妇的看门人妻子获得了抚恤金。&#13;
&#13;
Audio - Katie Stevenson reading Walter Bower&#13;
&#13;
音频 - 凯蒂·史蒂文森讲述沃尔特·鲍尔&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Brief account of the arrival and life of the Papal Bulls in early St Andrews (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 2 - The Cathedral Pends reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
&#13;
视频 1 - 短暂讲述教皇来到并生活在早期圣安德鲁斯 （感谢：电影 ‘Ever to Excel’）&#13;
视频 2 - 大教堂拱道 - 由开放虚拟世界组制作</text>
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大教堂回廊和修道院建筑</text>
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                <text>Like many medieval English and continental cathedrals, St Andrews had an associated monastery. In the mid-twelfth century a priory of Augustinian canons was founded at St Andrews Cathedral (displacing an earlier community of Celtic holy men). The Augustinian canons managed the shrine of St Andrew, and the cathedral functioned as their monastery church. The canons lived in accommodation to the south of the cathedral, and the remains of their cloister, storage rooms and chapter house (where priory business was discussed) can still be seen. Academic study was an important part of monastery life, and during the late Middle Ages canons from the cathedral were involved in the setting up of St Andrews University. However, the atmosphere in the cathedral priory was not always one of virtuous scholarship – in 1394 the prior of St Andrews Cathedral, Robert de Montrose, was murdered by one of his fellow canons. The murderer died of natural causes shortly afterwards and was buried in a rubbish heap.&#13;
&#13;
和许多中世纪英国和欧洲大陆的大教堂一样,圣安德鲁斯大教堂有一个附属的修道院。在十二世纪中期，一个属于奥古斯丁教士们的小修道院在圣安德鲁斯大教堂建立，取代了之前的凯尔特神职人员教会。奥古斯丁教士们管理圣安德鲁的神社, 大教堂被他们用作修道院的教堂。教士们住在大教堂南边的宿舍里，至今修道院，储存室和礼堂 （讨论修道院事物的地方）的遗迹仍然可以看到。学术研究是修道院生活的重要组成部分,在中世纪晚期，来自大教堂的教士们参与了圣安德鲁斯大学的建立。然而,教堂修道院的气氛并不总是善良道德的——1934年，在圣安德鲁斯大教堂前,罗伯特·德·蒙特罗斯被与他一起的修道士谋杀。不久之后， 凶手死于自然原因葬并被埋葬在了一个垃圾堆。&#13;
&#13;
Audio - Michael Brown on Walter Bower's account of the life of Cathedral Prior - James Bisset&#13;
&#13;
音频 - 迈克尔·布朗描述沃尔特·鲍尔在大教堂前的生活——詹姆斯毕塞特&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Interior and exterior of the Cathedral Cloisters reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
Video 2 - History and operation of the University Library in the early days (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 3 - Description of the St Andrews Psalter (Courtesy: University of St Andrews Special Collections) &#13;
&#13;
视频 1 - 修道院回廊在虚拟世界中内部与外部的重建 - 由开放虚拟世界组制作&#13;
视频 2 - 早期大学博物馆的历史与运作 （感谢： 电影 “Ever to Excel”）&#13;
视频 3 - 圣安德鲁斯诗篇的描述 （感谢：圣安德鲁斯大学特别珍藏）</text>
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黑衣修士修道院</text>
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&#13;
黑衣修士修道院废墟是圣安德鲁斯的多米尼加修道院的遗迹。多米尼加人(也被称为黑色修道士由于他们的黑色斗篷)是一个十三世纪在法国建立的天主教宗教团。他们特别致力于布道、教育和打击异端。目前尚不清楚多米尼加修道士们何时开始在圣安德鲁斯定居,但直到十五世纪末，他们仍在镇上生活。在十六世纪早期，修道士进行了主要的建筑工作 ,有废墟幸存的礼拜堂可能是建于1549年的修道士教堂的延伸。仅仅十年后的1559年,修道院被新教维新者洗劫, 修道士被赶出,部分建筑物被损毁。&#13;
&#13;
Audio 1 -Richard Fawcett on the Blackfriars church&#13;
Audio 2 - Elizabeth Rhodes on the history of the Dominican Friary&#13;
Audio 3 - Katie Stevenson on Walter Bower&#13;
Audio 4 - Michael Brown on John Knox's account of the execution of Patrick Hamilton&#13;
&#13;
音频 1 - 理查德·福塞特关于黑衣修道士教堂的描述&#13;
音频 2 - 伊丽莎白·罗兹讲述多米尼加修道院的历史&#13;
音频 3 - 凯蒂·史蒂文森讲述瓦尔特·鲍尔&#13;
音频 4 - 迈克尔·布朗讲述约翰·诺克斯对于帕特里克·汉密尔顿的死刑的描述</text>
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圣安德鲁斯大教堂</text>
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                <text>St Andrews Cathedral was once the most important church in Scotland. It was the base for the country's senior bishopric and housed the relics of St Andrew (the nation's patron saint). For many centuries St Andrews Cathedral was the largest building in Scotland (it was only surpassed in the nineteenth century when Edinburgh's Waverley Station was built). During its long history the Cathedral suffered a number of disasters. In 1304 King Edward I of England stripped the lead from the roof to provide materials for his siege of Stirling Castle. Seventy years later, in 1378, a great fire damaged large portions of the Cathedral. Major restoration work was undertaken, and by the early fifteenth-century the church had been returned to its former glory. However, in 1559 the Scottish Reformation ended the Cathedral's religious function. The vast church rapidly became ruined and by 1690 it looked much as it does today.&#13;
&#13;
圣安德鲁斯大教堂曾经是苏格兰最重要的教会，是苏格兰高级主教工作，生活的地点并且收藏了圣安德鲁的遗骸(苏格兰的守护神)。在过去的许多个世纪里，圣安德鲁斯大教堂是苏格兰最大的建筑(直到19世纪爱丁堡的威弗利火车站建成)。在漫长的历史中，大教堂屡次遭受灾祸。1304年，英格兰国王爱德华一世从教堂的屋顶剥下铅作为包围斯特灵城堡的材料。七十年后的1378年,一场大火摧毁了大教堂的大部分。随着主体修复工作的进行,十五世纪早期大教堂已经恢复了往日的荣耀。然而,在1559年，苏格兰的宗教改革结束了大教堂的宗教信仰功能。巨大的教堂被迅速毁坏, 到了1690年，大教堂的样子看起来就像如同今天所见。&#13;
&#13;
Audio 1 - Richard Fawcett on St Andrews Cathedral&#13;
Audio 2 - Roger Mason on the significance of the St Andrews Cathedral and the reformation&#13;
Audio 3 - Katie Stevenson on the gale force wind at the St Andrews Cathedral in 1410&#13;
&#13;
音频 1 - 理查德·福塞特对于圣安德鲁斯大教堂的描述&#13;
音频 2 - 罗杰·梅森讲述圣安德鲁斯大教堂和宗教改革的意义&#13;
音频 3 - 凯蒂·史蒂文森讲述1410年大风暴对于圣安德鲁斯大教堂的影响&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Virtual world reconstruction of the cathedral (By the department of Computer Science, University of St Andrews)&#13;
&#13;
视频 - 圣安德鲁斯大教堂的虚拟重建 - 由圣安德鲁斯计算机系制作</text>
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圣鲁尔教堂</text>
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                <text>The small building now known as St Rule's Church was once St Andrews' main cathedral. It was probably built in the early twelfth century, perhaps by workmen from northern England. The church is in the Romanesque (or Norman) style that was then popular across much of Europe. Its high tower is visible for many miles, and may have been designed to guide seafarers to St Andrews. In the late twelfth century St Rule's was superseded by the much larger cathedral whose ruins it stands beside. Nevertheless, the old church remained important to the canons of St Andrews Cathedral, and an image of St Rule's was used on the cathedral canons' seal for official documents until after the Reformation.&#13;
&#13;
这个现在被称为圣鲁尔教堂的小建筑曾经是圣安德鲁斯主要的教堂。它可能是十二世纪初由来自英格兰北部的工人建造的。圣鲁尔教堂是罗马式(又被称为诺曼式)的教堂, 这个风格在那个时期流行整个欧洲。教堂的高塔在许多英里之外就可以看到,它的设计目的可能是为前来圣安德鲁斯的海员导航。在十二世纪末，圣鲁尔教堂被一个大很多的主教堂取代了，这个大主教堂的位置就在圣鲁尔教堂旁边，现在只剩下了废墟。然而,圣鲁尔教堂对于圣安德鲁斯大教堂的教士们依然很重要, 圣鲁尔教堂的图像被用在大教堂教士们的印章上, 直到宗教改革运动之后。&#13;
&#13;
Audio 1 - Richard Fawcett on the description of St Rules Church&#13;
Audio 2 - Elizabeth Rhodes on the emergence of the bones of St Andrews in Scotland&#13;
&#13;
音频 1 - 理查德·福塞特对于圣鲁尔教堂的描述&#13;
音频 2 - 伊丽莎白·罗兹对于圣安德鲁斯的骨头出现在苏格兰的描述&#13;
&#13;
Video - Interior and exterior of St Rule's Church reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
&#13;
视频 - 圣鲁尔教堂内部以及外部的虚拟重建 - 由开放虚拟世界组制作</text>
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圣玛丽教堂，科克山</text>
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                <text>Kirk Hill (or Kirk Heugh as it is sometimes called) has a long history of human activity. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric burials at this site, perhaps dating from as long ago as 500 B.C. There are also some signs of early metal working. In the mid twelfth century a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary was established here. The new church housed a community of holy men known as "Culdees" (a term derived from the Celtic phrase Ceile-De or "friend of God"). The Culdees had previously served the shrine of St Andrew but were pushed out from this role by the foundation of an Augustinian monastery at the Cathedral. During the later Middle Ages St Mary's was a royal chapel and enjoyed the patronage of successive Scottish kings. The church was still functioning at the Reformation, when several of its priests were prosecuted for refusing to convert to Protestantism.&#13;
&#13;
科克山(有时又被称为Kirk Heugh)有悠久的人类活动历史。考古学家在此地发现了史前的埋葬遗迹,可以追溯到大概公元前500年。此外，考古学家也发现了一些早期的金属加工迹象。早在十二世纪中叶，人们在此建立了一座教堂供奉给圣母玛利亚。教堂里居住着被称为“Culdees”(这个词源自凯尔特语Ceile-De，意为神的朋友)的神职人员。这些神职人员起先服侍于这个圣安德鲁的圣地,但从奥古斯丁修道院在大教堂建立开始，便被迫不再担任这个角色。在中世纪后期，圣玛丽教堂被当做皇家礼拜堂并且不断有苏格兰国王到访。在宗教改革运动中，有一些神父因为拒绝皈依新教而被起诉，但是教堂仍然正常运转。&#13;
&#13;
Audio - Elizabeth Swarbrick on the church of St Mary on the Rock&#13;
&#13;
音频 - 伊丽莎白斯沃布里克对于圣玛丽教堂的介绍&#13;
&#13;
Video 1 - Legendary account of the foundation of the town of St Andrews, formerly known as Kilrymont (Courtesy: Ever to Excel)&#13;
Video 2 - Exterior of the Church of St Mary on the rock reconstructed by the Open Virtual Worlds Group&#13;
&#13;
视频 1 - 传奇的诞生 - 圣安德鲁斯 （原名 Kilrymont ）&#13;
视频 2 - 圣玛丽教堂在虚拟世界中的外部重建 - 由开放虚拟世界组制作</text>
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